Hematological Cells in Fluid Analysis
1. Macrophages
Background Information of Macrophages
Macrophages are extremely large cells produced from the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. These cells are not seen in PBFs as the monocytes will only differentiate into macrophages when they are in different tissues. The monocytes enters damaged tissue through the endothelium of a blood vessel via leukocyte extravasation to undergo a series of changes to become a macrophage. They have a varierty of functions:
- Phagocytosis of Pathogen: Once pathogen is ingested (phagocytosed) by macrophage, the pathogen becomes trapped in a phagosome, which then fuses with a lysosome, which then releases enzymes and toxic peroxides digest or neutralize the pathogen.
- Wound Healing: They replace Polymorphonuclear neutrophils as the predominant cells in the wound by two days after injury. The macrophage's main role is to phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue, and they also debride damaged tissue by releasing proteases. Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such as growth factors and other cytokines, especially during the third and fourth post-wounding days. These factors attract cells involved in the proliferation stage of healing to the area.
- Iron Homeostasis: Old RBCs (lifespan = 120 days) and are being destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver to release iron from the haemoglobin to either store internally in ferritin or release into the circulation via ferroportin.
- Adaptive immunity (Antigen-Presenting Cell): After ingestion of pathogens, macrophage will present the antigens of the pathogen to the corresponding helper T cell, via MHC class II molecule and the necessary T-helper cell line will be activated.
Cellular Description
The hall mark of macrophages is the presence of numerous vacuoles in the cytoplasm with an irregular to large round shape containing a relatively small nucleus. The nucleus is usually pushed to the edge of the cell and the plentiful cytoplasm may have ingested materials or cells present. Ingested materials/cells may include RBCs, WBCs, lipid droplets, hemosiderin and ingested crystals.
2. Mesothelial Cells
Background Information of Mesothelial Cells
The mesothelium is the membrane that lines most body cavities and surrounds the internal organs. Mesothelial cells are cells that shed from these membranes and can be commonly found in bodily fluids such as pleural, peritoneal and pericardial fluids.
Cellular Description
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